Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) is a treatment that moves teeth to get good tooth structure and achieve aesthetic and occlusion functions. Teeth can move in the alveolar bone with orthodontic force due to mechanical changes in the biological system that cause stretching and then stimulate cellular responses and remodeling of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone around the tooth, which receives orthodontic power.
OTM can only occur if there are bone remodeling and periodontal tissue around the teeth. Tooth movement will not happen if bone remodeling does not occur. Bone remodeling combines quickly the process that begins with bone resorption and is followed by the process of bone apposition, which is an essential factor for tooth movement. The remodeling process is used to maintain bone thickness and the relationship between dental bones and alveolar bone so that it is relatively constant.
Factors that can influence the recurrence are bone resorption, which has a tooth movement beginning nine times greater than bone apposition, thus allowing higher recurrence. The process of accelerating bone apposition can be done by increasing osteoblast cell proliferation.
In adult patients with fixed orthodontic treatment, marginal bone resorption is often found. The orthodontic treatment plan must be considered as a local and general condition of periodontal tissue. More and more adult patients are directing many researchers now to focus on finding methods to accelerate tooth movement, which provides shorter treatment time. Metabolism in adults is much slower than in younger patients, and the time needed for treatment in adults is significantly higher than that taken in adolescents.
The bone remodeling process used to make bones and alveolar bone is relatively constant. Factors affecting recurrence are related to bone resorption, which is nine times greater than the recurrence of bone apposition. To improve the process of apposition, it can be done by increasing osteoblast cell proliferation. The prevalence of post-orthodontic relapse treatment is generally quite high, namely 52 out of 200 cases (26%), a minimum of 500 patients treated, and the prevalence of relapse is 61.5%. It is essential to prevent recurrence by increasing bone apposition.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae family) is one of the most popular drinks for regular consumption and is highly associated with high antioxidant. Many studies explain that the effects of green tea chemotherapy are polyphenols called catechins. The richest catechin in green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The effect of EGCG is on bone density in osteoporosis. EGCG can increase bone resorption by affecting the mechanism of bone remodeling. EGCG stimulates bone density in the area around orthodontic micro-implants.
Differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is controlled by signal transduction and transcription of involved genes. Some key transcription factors for osteoblasts are Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX). Several osteoblast signaling pathways have been found that increased transcription of RUNX2 and OSX expression leads directly to increased osteoblast formation.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of green tea methanol extract on the expression of RUNX2 and OSX during OTM in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).
The percentage of EGCG detected by HPLC in green tea methanol extracts using maceration or reflux extract with 4.37 and 4.14%, respectively. Positive expression of RUNX2 on the pressure and pressure side and OSX on the pressure and pressure side was confirmed by using IHC staining in all groups. The data shows that the highest expression of RUNX2 and OSX at T2 compared to other groups on the tension side. Meanwhile, on the pressure side, the highest expressions of RUNX2 and OSX were found in CP. There were significant differences in the tension and pressure sides between groups in RUNX2 and OSX expressions.
Based on its molecular aspects, an alveolar bone from Wistar OTM rats given methanol extract from East Java green tea showed increased expression of RUNX2 and Osterix compared to those without extract administration. This action can be attributed, in part, to the presence of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the extract. (*)
Author: Ida Bagus Narmada
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